František Kupka

František Kupka (1871–1957) was a Czech painter and one of the early pioneers of abstract art in the 20th century. He trained in Prague and Vienna before moving to Paris, where he initially worked in Symbolist and illustrative styles. Around the 1910s, Kupka progressively moved toward pure abstraction, developing a visual language based on color, rhythm, and geometric form rather than representational subject matter. His work aimed to express spiritual and dynamic realities beyond the visible world. His painting Amorpha, Fugue in Two Colors (1912) is considered one of the first fully abstract works in modern art history. Kupka’s innovations helped lay the foundations for abstract painting in Europe, alongside artists such as Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian.